The effect of strain rate of 4N lithium. A strain rate exponent of 0.06 was calculated: (a) The effect of strain rate on the loading curve; (b) Viscoplasticity, resulting in creep on unloading. Even a 1-second unload from 5 mN results in this continued viscoplasticity. Even more rapid unloading rates, such as -50 mN/second, must be applied to use traditional unloading stiffnesses to calculate the reduced modulus.
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