baruch spinoza essay Spinoza: clarifications and criticisms on freedom - baruch de spinoza, or as later known by benedictus de spinoza, was a 17th century philosopher that came under much hostility because of his renunciation of the accepted religious perceptions of god.
{"Image ImageDescription": "Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677), Dutch philosopher. Expelled from Holland's Jewish community for his heretical views, Spinoza believed that nothing exists independently except for God, and that everything that exists does so as a part of God. In essence he considered the Universe and Nature to be God, rather than the personalised Judeo- Christian deity. His seminal work, Ethics (1677), outlined these views and has become one of the most important early modern philosophical works. Spinoza supported himself by doing lens- grinding whilst writing his philosophical works, and it was the glass dust he inhaled which caused his premature death at the age of 45.", "Image XResolution": "72", "Image YResolution": "72", "Image ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Inch", "Image YCbCrPositioning": "Centered", "Image Copyright": "Science Photo Library"}