A map of the Middle East and parts of Africa, Europe, and Asia showing the expansion of the Islamic Caliphate by 750. The expansion by Muhammad from 622 to 632 is mainly confined to the Persian Gulf. The Patriarchal Caliphate, lasting from 632 to 661, expands to most of the Middle East, spreading only to northern Egypt. The Umayyad Caliphate, from 661 to 750, extends the Islamic Caliphate to most of North Africa and Iberian Peninsula and farther east from modern-day Iran.
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