riok-1 negatively regulates the p38 MAPK pathway. (A) Life spans of wild-type N2 and riok- 1( gk1101 ) worm knockdown with pmk-1 RNAi were both shortened. (B) MAPK ( pmk-1 ) mutants, (C) MAPKK ( sek-1 ) mutants, and (D) MAPKKK ( nsy-1 ) gain-of-function mutants with riok-1 knockdown using RNAi showed similar life spans when compared with those without RNAi knockdown under A. dhakensis infection. (E) A. dhakensis infection and RNAi-mediated riok-1 knockdown induced p38 phosphorylation as shown in a Western blot analysis. (F–J) Increasing expression of p38 MAPK downstream genes C29F3.7 (F) , C32H11.12 (G) , F08G5.6 (H) , K08D8.5 (I) , and T24B8.5 (J) as determined using qRT-PCR in worms with riok-1 knockdown mediated by RNAi under A. dhakensis infection. For the unprocessed data of western blot analysis in (E) , please see the Figure S6 in Supplementary Material. *** P
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