Effect of EV-MSC and EV-MSC/Rluc on LLC-1 effluc activity, and apoptosis mechanism. ( A , C ) Representative BLI of EV-MSC and MSC/Rluc-EV-treated LLC-effluc activity. The viability of LLC-effluc cells decreased with increasing concentration of EV-MSC and EV-MSC/Rluc. ( B , D ) Quantitative effluc activity of LLC-effluc cells. ( E ) Annexin V and PI staining for analyzing LLC cell apoptosis. The percentage of apoptotic cells was increased after treatment with 10 or 20 μg/mL of EV-MSC/Rluc for 24 h. ( F ) Representative western blot analyzing pERK1/2, cleavage of apoptosis markers caspase 3 and PARP levels in EV MSC/Rluc-treated LLC cells. The fold changes were normalized for pERK with total ERK. Cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase 3 normalized with β-actin. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) of three independent experiments, *p
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