"Upper left: Trace lines for an artificially constructed four-alternative item. Upper right: Trace lines for the ""Identify"" testlet described by Thissen and Steinberg (1988). Lower left: Trace lines for the number correct on questions following a passage on a reading comprehension test, using parameter estimates obtained by Thissen, Steinberg, and Mooney (1989). Lower right: Trace lines for judge-scored constructed-response item M075101 from the 1996 administration of the NAEP mathematics assessment"
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