Survival of Schistosomula after RNAi Silencing of TGR Expression (A) Qualitative measure of TGR transcripts by reverse transcription PCR. The abundance of TGR mRNA was greatly reduced by dsRNA treatment while the control gene GAPDH was unaffected. (B) Parasites were cultured in the presence of double-stranded TGR RNA (dashed lines) or of double-stranded irrelevant RNA (solid lines) in 20% O 2 (♦) or 0% O 2 (). A 500-nucleotide fragment (bp 1364–1866) of S. mansoni TGR cloned into PCRII-TOPO vector was used to transcribe TGR dsRNA. Irrelevant, nonschistosome dsRNA used for negative controls was synthesized from the PCRII-TOPO vector using T7 and SP6 RNA polymerases. (C) Combination of RNAi and drug treatments. Solid lines are irrelevant dsRNA treatments and dashed lines are dsTGR treatments; no additions (♦), 2 μM praziquantel () and 2 μM AF (▴). At each time point, data comparing the combination treatment (2 μM AF + TGR dsRNA) to either 2 μM AF or TGR dsRNA alone were statistically significant (* p
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