Supporting Evidence: Claims 1 & 2 (Logographic stage) Berninger et al., (1990). Monitored 42 US first-graders on: (i) visual language (recognition mem
{"Image DocumentName": "Supporting Evidence: Claims 1 & 2 (Logographic stage)", "Image ImageDescription": "Berninger et al., (1990). Monitored 42 US first-graders on: (i) visual language (recognition memory for words & letters) (ii) oral language (vocabulary; phoneme segmentation & deletion) (iii) reading (lexical decision & word naming ) (iv) spelling (written reproduction after seeing a word) Found visual language skills at the end of kindergarten predicted reading and spelling only at the start of the year. Start of year End of year. Reading  Spelling Reading  Spelling. Visual language Oral language Suggests early reading and spelling are logographic in nature then shift to alphabetic processing. No evidence to suggest logographic reading drives development of logographic spelling.", "Image XResolution": "37", "Image YResolution": "37", "Image ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Centimeter", "Image Software": "SlidePlayer", "Image YCbCrPositioning": "Centered"}