Asian dust particles-induced tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α ) production is dependent on mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor- κ B signaling pathways. RAW264.7 cells were pretreated for 30 min with (a) 50 μ M of SP600125, an inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase; (b) 30 μ M of U0126, an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor; or (c) 50 μ M of SN50, a nuclear factor- κ B (NF- κ B) inhibitor and then treated for 6 h with 100 μ g/mL of ADP1 or ADP2 or 1.5 μ g/mL of LPS. Dimethyl sulfoxide (0.1%) vehicle was used as control (Cont.). The level of TNF- α in the culture supernatants was assessed by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results are expressed as mean ± SD; n = 6; * P
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